Is Pay-Per-Click Affiliate Marketing Worth It for Beginners?

Let me guess. You're reading this because you want to make money with affiliate marketing fast, and someone told you that pay-per-click advertising is the quickest route.

You don't want to wait months for SEO to kick in or build a massive social media following. You just want to buy some ads, send traffic to affiliate offers, and start earning commissions today.

The question is though, is pay-per-click affiliate marketing actually worth it for beginners? And more importantly, should you risk your hard-earned money on ads when you're just starting out?

In this article, I'm going to break down exactly what PPC affiliate marketing involves, how much it really costs, which platforms work best, and whether this is the smartest way for beginners to get started. I'll also share a better alternative that doesn't require you to spend hundreds or thousands on ads before you see your first commission.

What Is Pay-Per-Click Affiliate Marketing?

Pay-per-click affiliate marketing is when you buy ads on platforms like Google, Facebook, or TikTok to drive traffic to landing pages that promote affiliate products or services. You pay a fee every time someone clicks your ad, and you earn a commission when they purchase through your affiliate link.

This is completely different from what most people think PPC affiliate marketing means. A lot of beginners confuse this with programs like Google AdSense where you earn money when people click ads ON your website. That's the opposite model. With PPC affiliate marketing, YOU are the one paying for the clicks to promote someone else's product.

Here's how it works in practice. You find an affiliate offer on a network like ClickBank, ShareASale, or CJ Affiliate. Then you create a landing page that pre-sells the product and includes your affiliate link.

You set up ads on Google Ads or Facebook Ads targeting people who might want that product. When someone clicks your ad, they land on your page, read your content, and ideally click through to buy the product. You pay for the ad click regardless of whether they buy, but you only earn a commission if they complete the purchase.

The appeal is obvious. You can start driving traffic immediately instead of waiting months for organic rankings. You have precise control over who sees your ads based on demographics, interests, and search intent. You can scale winning campaigns quickly by increasing your ad budget.

The downside is equally obvious. You're risking real money upfront with no guarantee of return. If your ads don't convert, you're just burning cash. This is why I think PPC affiliate marketing is one of the riskiest paths for complete beginners, even though it promises fast results.

Is PPC Affiliate Marketing Worth It for Beginners in 2026?

Yes, PPC affiliate marketing can work for beginners, but only if you have a significant testing budget and the stomach to lose money while you learn. I'd say you need at least $500 to $1,000 just for initial testing, and you should expect most of that money to disappear before you find a profitable campaign.

The strategy in 2026 is much harder than it was five years ago. Ad costs have increased across every major platform. Facebook's average cost per click ranges from $0.50 to $3.00 depending on your niche, while Google Ads can cost anywhere from $1 to $50+ per click for competitive keywords. Privacy changes from iOS 14+ and Android updates have made tracking conversions more difficult, which means the platforms' algorithms have less data to optimize your campaigns. You're basically flying blind compared to advertisers who had pixel-perfect tracking in 2019.

Competition has also exploded. Every platform is now crowded with experienced media buyers who know exactly how to optimize their campaigns. You're not just competing against other beginners anymore. You're bidding against agencies with six-figure monthly budgets who can afford to test aggressively and outbid you on the best placements.

I feel like the biggest issue is that most beginners underestimate the learning curve. Running profitable PPC campaigns requires understanding ad copywriting, landing page optimization, conversion tracking, audience targeting, bid management, and split testing. You need to master all of these skills while simultaneously spending money on ads that probably won't convert at first. It's like trying to learn to drive in a Formula 1 race while paying for every lap.

That said, if you have the budget and you're willing to treat your first $1,000 as tuition rather than investment, PPC can teach you valuable skills about direct response marketing that transfer to other business models. You'll learn what messages resonate with audiences, how to write compelling ad copy, and how to optimize for conversions. These skills are worth money in the long run.

But for most beginners who are starting with limited funds and want to see positive ROI quickly, I think there are better ways to start with affiliate marketing that don't require you to spend money before you make money.

How Much Money Do You Need to Start PPC Affiliate Marketing?

You need a minimum of $500 to $1,000 just for ad spend testing, and that's on top of the other startup costs like landing page software, tracking tools, and potentially a course or training program.

Let me break down the real costs because this is where most beginner-focused content lies to you. You'll see YouTube ads promising you can start with $10 a day, and technically that's true, but $10 a day won't give you enough data to make intelligent decisions about your campaigns. You need volume to test effectively.

Here's what a realistic starting budget looks like. You need $30 to $50 per day minimum for Facebook or Google Ads to gather meaningful data, and you should plan to run tests for at least two weeks before making major changes. That's $420 to $700 just for the testing phase of a single campaign. If your first campaign fails (which is likely), you need budget to test another offer or audience. I'd recommend having enough money to test at least three different campaigns before you give up.

Beyond ad spend, you need landing page software. Options like ClickFunnels start at $97 per month, Leadpages is around $37 per month, and you could use WordPress with a page builder for cheaper if you already have hosting. I personally use Thrive Suite for my landing pages because there's no monthly fee after the yearly subscription, which works out to about $25 per month. You also need a domain name, which is around $10 to $15 per year through Namecheap.

You might also need tracking and analytics tools beyond what the ad platforms provide. If you want to properly attribute conversions back to specific ads and keywords, tools like Voluum or ClickMagick add another $30 to $100+ per month to your overhead.

Add it all up and you're looking at roughly $600 to $1,200 in month one, with ongoing costs of $300+ per month in software and tools if you keep running campaigns. This is before you've made a single dollar in commissions.

Compare this to content-based affiliate marketing where your main costs are hosting ($5 to $20 per month), a domain ($10 per year), and your time. The risk profile is completely different. With content, you might not make money for six months, but you're also not losing money while you learn. With PPC, you can lose thousands before you figure it out.

I think if you don't have at least $1,000 you're comfortable losing while you learn, PPC affiliate marketing probably isn't the right starting point for you right now.

Which PPC Platforms Should Beginners Use?

Google Ads and Facebook Ads are the two best platforms for beginners because they have the most training resources available and the largest audiences, but I'd start with Facebook if you're promoting offers with broad appeal and Google if you're targeting high-intent search queries.

Google Ads lets you show your ads when people actively search for solutions to their problems. If you're promoting a weight loss supplement, you can target keywords like "best fat burner supplement" or "how to lose belly fat fast" and reach people who are already looking for exactly what you're selling. This high-intent traffic converts better than interruption-based advertising, but you pay a premium for it. Competitive keywords in profitable niches like finance, insurance, and legal services can cost $20 to $50+ per click.

Google also offers Display Network ads that appear on millions of websites across the internet. These are cheaper than search ads but convert at much lower rates because people aren't actively looking for your product when they see the ad. You're interrupting their browsing experience and hoping they're curious enough to click.

Facebook Ads (which also includes Instagram ads through the same platform) lets you target people based on demographics, interests, behaviors, and connections. You can get incredibly specific with your targeting, like "women aged 25 to 40 who live in urban areas, are interested in yoga, recently got engaged, and have household income over $75,000." This interest-based targeting works great for products that solve problems people didn't know they had or for offers with strong visual appeal.

Facebook ads are generally cheaper per click than Google search ads, with costs ranging from $0.50 to $3.00 depending on your niche and targeting. The downside is that conversion tracking on Facebook has gotten significantly worse since iOS 14 updates limited pixel tracking, so you might not know which ads are actually driving sales.

TikTok Ads have emerged as a legitimate option in 2026, especially for younger audiences and products that lend themselves to video demonstrations. Minimum ad spends on TikTok start around $20 per day, and the platform's algorithm is extremely good at finding people who will engage with your content. The challenge is that creating compelling video ads requires more production work than static image ads on Facebook or text ads on Google.

Microsoft Ads (formerly Bing Ads) is worth mentioning because competition is lower than Google, which means cheaper clicks, though the overall search volume is also much lower. If you're in a competitive niche where Google clicks are too expensive, testing Microsoft Ads makes sense.

My advice for beginners is to pick one platform and learn it thoroughly before trying to run campaigns on multiple platforms simultaneously. Running ads on multiple platforms while you're still learning spreads your attention too thin and makes it harder to isolate what's working and what isn't. Master Facebook or Google first, get profitable, then expand to other platforms if you want to scale.

For most beginners promoting physical products or lifestyle-related offers, I'd start with Facebook because the clicks are cheaper and the creative formats are more forgiving. For beginners promoting software, business services, or solutions to specific problems that people actively search for, Google search ads make more sense despite the higher costs.

Do You Need a Website for PPC Affiliate Marketing?

No, you don't need a traditional website, but you absolutely need landing pages. Almost every major ad platform prohibits sending traffic directly to affiliate offers, so you must create your own pre-sell pages that warm up visitors before they click through to the merchant's sales page.

This is where beginners get confused. They think PPC affiliate marketing means they can skip building any web presence at all. You can't just grab an affiliate link, throw it in a Google Ad, and start making money. Google Ads specifically prohibits direct linking to affiliate offers in their policies. Facebook has similar restrictions. TikTok won't approve campaigns that link directly to affiliate pages.

The platforms enforce these rules because direct affiliate linking creates a terrible user experience. Imagine clicking a Facebook ad and immediately landing on a sales page for a product you've never heard of. It feels like a scam. The platforms want ads that lead to valuable content first, with a softer transition to the sales process.

This means you need to create landing pages. A landing page is a standalone web page designed for a single purpose, which in this case is warming up visitors to the idea of buying the product you're promoting. Your landing page should explain the problem the product solves, build credibility for the solution, create desire for the outcome, and include a call-to-action button that links to the merchant's sales page with your affiliate link.

You can build these landing pages without creating a full website. Tools like ClickFunnels, Leadpages, and Unbounce let you create standalone pages with their own URLs like "yourpage.clickfunnels.com" or "yourpage.com/offer" if you connect a custom domain. You don't need a blog, navigation menu, or multiple pages. Just individual landing pages for each campaign you run.

That said, I actually recommend building a simple website alongside your landing pages if you plan to run PPC campaigns long-term. Having a real website with helpful content about your niche builds trust if people Google your domain before clicking through to the affiliate offer. It also gives you somewhere to send visitors who click your ads but aren't ready to buy immediately. You can collect their email addresses on your site and follow up later.

The landing page itself needs several key elements to convert well. You need a compelling headline that speaks directly to your target audience's pain point or desire. You need credibility indicators like testimonials, reviews, or trust badges. You need benefit-focused copy that explains what's in it for them, not just features of the product. 

You need images or videos that show the product in use or demonstrate the end result. And you need a clear, prominent call-to-action button that tells people exactly what to do next.

Most beginners overthink landing page design and spend weeks trying to make the perfect page. The truth is your first landing page is going to convert poorly regardless of how much time you spend on it. The only way to improve conversion rates is through testing real traffic and making data-driven changes based on what actually happens when people land on your page.

What Compliance Rules Do You Need to Know?

The most important compliance rule is that you cannot bid on an advertiser's brand name or trademarked terms in most affiliate programs, and you absolutely must disclose your affiliate relationship according to FTC guidelines.

Brand bidding restrictions are the rule that trips up most beginners. Let's say you're promoting a ClickBank product called "Fat Burner Pro" through Google Ads. You might think it makes sense to bid on the keyword "Fat Burner Pro" since people searching for that exact product name are ready to buy. But most affiliate programs explicitly prohibit affiliates from bidding on brand terms in their terms and conditions.

The merchant doesn't want you competing with their own branded campaigns. They're already bidding on their own product name, and if affiliates start bidding on it too, it drives up costs for everyone and creates confusion about which ad is the official one. Violating brand bidding restrictions can get your affiliate account terminated and your commissions forfeited.

Some programs allow brand bidding with restrictions. They might let you bid on brand terms but prohibit using the brand name in your ad copy, or they might allow it only in certain countries. You need to read the affiliate agreement carefully for every program you promote.

Beyond brand terms, you also can't make false claims about the products you're promoting. Your ad copy and landing pages need to accurately represent what the product does. You can't promise "lose 30 pounds in 30 days guaranteed" if the merchant's sales page doesn't make that claim. The FTC holds advertisers (which includes you as an affiliate) responsible for substantiating any claims made in ads.

You must disclose your affiliate relationship clearly on your landing pages. The Federal Trade Commission requires that you inform people when you'll earn a commission if they purchase through your link. A simple disclosure like "This page contains affiliate links. If you purchase through my link, I may earn a commission at no additional cost to you" is sufficient. The disclosure needs to be visible and understandable before people click through to the affiliate offer.

Some platforms have additional restrictions. Google Ads doesn't allow certain categories of affiliate promotions entirely, including pharmaceuticals, gambling in most regions, and adult products. Facebook has constantly changing policies around health claims, financial products, and cryptocurrency that affect what you can promote even if the affiliate program itself allows it.

You also need to follow destination URL policies. Your landing page URL and the final destination after clicking through need to be disclosed accurately in your ad setup. Cloaking URLs or using redirects to hide where traffic is actually going violates most platform policies and can get your ad account banned.

I've seen beginners get their Google Ads accounts permanently banned because they didn't understand these rules. Once Google bans your account, it's extremely difficult to get it reinstated. They ban based on payment method and address, so you can't just create a new account. Taking compliance seriously from day one protects your ability to keep running campaigns.

How Do You Track Your PPC Affiliate Campaigns?

You need to use UTM parameters in your affiliate links and set up conversion tracking through your ad platform's pixel or conversion API, but tracking in 2026 is significantly harder than it used to be because of privacy updates that limit what data the platforms can collect.

Here's the fundamental problem. When someone clicks your ad on Facebook, lands on your page, clicks your affiliate link, and purchases on the merchant's site, that purchase happens on a completely different domain that you don't control. The ad platform (Facebook or Google) needs to know that the purchase happened so it can attribute the conversion back to the specific ad that drove it. Without this data, the platform's algorithm can't optimize your campaigns.

The traditional solution was conversion pixels. Facebook and Google would give you a small piece of code to put on the merchant's thank you page that fired when someone completed a purchase. This sent data back to the ad platform confirming the conversion. The problem is you can't put pixels on the merchant's site when you're an affiliate. You don't have access to their thank you page code.

This is why proper tracking is one of the hardest parts of PPC affiliate marketing. You have several imperfect options. Some affiliate networks provide postback URLs that can send conversion data to your ad platform when a sale occurs. You configure this in the affiliate network's dashboard, giving them your Facebook conversion API access or Google Ads conversion ID. When someone purchases through your link, the network sends a signal to Facebook or Google confirming the conversion.

Not all networks support this though. ClickBank, for example, doesn't have native integrations with Facebook's Conversion API. You need to use third-party tracking software like Voluum, ClickMagick, or RedTrack that sits between your ads and your affiliate links. These tools assign unique click IDs to every person who clicks your ad, track their journey through your funnel, and attempt to match conversions reported by the affiliate network back to the original ad click.

The challenge in 2026 is that iOS devices won't share enough data for perfect attribution anymore. Apple's App Tracking Transparency framework requires users to opt-in to tracking, and most people don't. This means a significant percentage of your conversions happen in a black box that neither you nor Facebook can see clearly. You might see five sales in your affiliate dashboard but only two conversions in Facebook Ads Manager because three of them came from iOS users who couldn't be tracked.

This makes optimization much harder. You can't trust the ad platform's data completely, so you need to cross-reference it with your affiliate network reports. I recommend using UTM parameters in all your landing page URLs so you can at least see in Google Analytics which traffic sources are sending visitors, even if you can't track the final conversion perfectly.

A basic UTM parameter setup looks like this: yourlandingpage.com/?utm_source=facebook&utm_medium=cpc&utm_campaign=product-name. This tells Analytics that traffic came from Facebook paid ads for a specific product campaign. You can then see how that traffic behaves on your site even if you can't track the conversion on the merchant's site.

The reality is that tracking PPC affiliate campaigns will never be as clean as tracking campaigns for your own products where you control the entire funnel. You need to accept some level of uncertainty and make decisions based on incomplete data. This is another reason I think PPC affiliate marketing is harder for beginners than it looks on the surface.

Should You Use AI Tools for PPC Affiliate Marketing?

Yes, AI tools can help with ad copy, landing page creation, and image generation, but they won't replace the need to understand fundamental direct response principles and they definitely won't guarantee profitable campaigns.

The AI tools available in 2026 are legitimately useful for PPC affiliate marketers. ChatGPT and Claude can write ad copy variations much faster than doing it manually. You can describe your target audience and product, then ask for 10 different headline and description combinations. The AI will generate options you can test against each other. I use AI for this constantly because it helps me think of angles I wouldn't have considered.

For landing pages, AI can generate the initial copy structure. You can prompt it with "Write landing page copy for [product] targeting [audience] with pain points of [specific problems]" and get a solid first draft. You'll need to edit it to match your voice and add specific details, but it saves hours compared to starting from a blank page.

Image generation tools like Midjourney, DALL-E, and Stable Diffusion let you create custom ad images without hiring designers or buying stock photos. You can generate dozens of variations of the same concept to test different visual approaches. The quality has gotten good enough that AI-generated images perform competitively with professional photography in many niches.

Some landing page builders now have AI features built in. You can describe what you want and they'll generate the entire page layout with copy and images. Tools like Unbounce's Smart Builder use AI to suggest optimization changes based on conversion data from similar pages.

The important thing to understand is that AI tools are multipliers, not magic bullets. They multiply your existing skills and knowledge. If you understand what makes good ad copy and landing pages convert, AI helps you produce more of it faster. If you don't understand direct response principles, AI will just help you produce more bad ads and landing pages faster.

I see beginners assume that using AI means they don't need to learn marketing fundamentals. They generate AI copy, run it in ads, wonder why nothing converts, then blame the AI. The AI doesn't know your specific audience, your offer's unique selling points, or what's already been tested to death in your niche. You need to bring that strategic thinking and feed the AI the right inputs.

Another limitation is that AI-generated content can sound generic if you're not careful. Ad platforms have millions of advertisers, and if everyone's using AI tools to write ads the same way, your ads start blending in with the noise. You need to edit AI output to make it sound more human and specific to your offer.

For beginners interested in learning how to use AI tools effectively across multiple online business models, not just PPC, you might want to explore how AI powers 5 different business models so you can choose the path that matches your skills and budget best.

What Are the Biggest Mistakes Beginners Make?

The biggest mistake is starting PPC campaigns without enough budget to gather meaningful data, followed by quitting too early when initial campaigns don't work, and not keeping detailed records of what you test so you can learn from failures.

Most beginners underestimate how much money they need to spend before they can draw conclusions about a campaign. They set up a campaign, spend $50 to $100, see no sales, and immediately assume the offer doesn't work or PPC doesn't work for them. The truth is $100 might only buy you 50 to 100 clicks depending on your niche. That's nowhere near enough data to know if your targeting, ad copy, or landing page is the problem.

You need at least a few hundred clicks per campaign variation before you can make statistically meaningful decisions about changes. If you're testing three different ad images against each other, each image needs enough clicks to show whether it performs better or worse than the others. This requires patience and budget that most beginners don't have.

The second major mistake is not tracking everything obsessively. You need to know exactly how much you spent on each campaign, how many clicks you got, how much each click cost, how many people landed on your page, how many clicked through to the affiliate offer, and how many purchased. Without these numbers documented somewhere, you can't identify patterns or learn from what worked and what didn't.

I keep a simple spreadsheet for every campaign I run with columns for date, campaign name, ad spend, clicks, cost per click, landing page visitors, click-through rate to affiliate offer, conversions, revenue, and profit or loss. This historical data becomes incredibly valuable when you're trying to figure out why some campaigns work and others don't.

Another common mistake is choosing the wrong offers to promote. Beginners often pick products with high commission rates without considering whether the product actually sells. A 50% commission on a $97 product sounds great until you realize the product's sales page is terrible and nothing you do will make it convert. I think you should look for products that are already selling well with proven sales pages before you send paid traffic to them.

Testing too many variables at once is another beginner trap. You create five different ads with different images, headlines, and audiences, run them all at once, see which one performs best, and then you don't actually know what made it work. Was it the image? The headline? The audience? You can't tell because you changed everything simultaneously. The scientific approach is to change one variable at a time so you know what impact each change has.

Ignoring mobile optimization is a huge mistake in 2026 when the majority of ad clicks come from mobile devices. Your landing pages need to load fast and look good on small screens. If your page takes five seconds to load or the call-to-action button isn't visible without scrolling on mobile, you're wasting money on clicks that bounce immediately.

Finally, beginners give up too quickly. PPC affiliate marketing is hard. Your first three campaigns will probably lose money. Maybe your first five. The people making serious money with PPC have tested dozens or hundreds of campaigns to find the winners. They have the budget and mindset to treat failures as learning experiences rather than reasons to quit.

If you don't have the budget to survive multiple failed campaigns while you learn, or if losing money makes you too stressed to think clearly, PPC might not be the right starting point for you right now.

Is There a Better Way to Start Affiliate Marketing?

Yes, I think content-based affiliate marketing is a better starting point for most beginners because you can start with almost no money, you build an asset that grows in value over time, and you learn valuable skills that transfer to other business models.

The fundamental difference between PPC and content is the risk profile. With PPC, you pay money upfront and hope to make it back through commissions. With content, you invest time upfront and start making money once your content ranks and attracts organic traffic. PPC is faster but riskier. Content is slower but safer.

Content-based affiliate marketing means creating blog posts, YouTube videos, or social media content that ranks in search results and attracts people who are already looking for information about the products you're promoting. For example, instead of paying for clicks to send people to a landing page about weight loss supplements, you write an article comparing the best weight loss supplements, optimize it for SEO, and let Google send you free traffic when people search for that topic.

The startup costs for content marketing are minimal. You need a domain ($10 to $15 per year), hosting ($5 to $20 per month), and WordPress (free). You can start for less than $100 total and your ongoing costs are under $25 per month. Compare this to PPC where you need hundreds per month minimum just for ad spend before counting software costs.

The time investment is higher with content. You might write articles or make videos for three to six months before you see meaningful traffic and commissions. But that time investment builds an asset. Every piece of content you create can keep generating traffic and commissions for years. With PPC, the second you stop paying for ads, your traffic disappears. Your money bought temporary attention, not a lasting asset.

Content marketing also teaches you skills that make you valuable in the marketplace. You learn SEO, which is in demand. You learn how to write persuasively, which transfers to email marketing, sales pages, and countless other applications. You learn which products actually solve problems for real people because you see which content gets engagement and which doesn't. These skills compound over time.

I'm not saying PPC affiliate marketing is bad. For people with significant marketing budgets who need traffic immediately, or for experienced marketers who already understand direct response principles, PPC is a powerful tool. But for complete beginners trying to figure out if affiliate marketing works for them, starting with content makes way more sense to me.

If you're curious about how to get started with affiliate marketing in ways that don't require ad spend, I put together a free resource that breaks down the exact tools and platforms you need. You can grab the AI Side Hustle Cheat Sheet here and see which approach fits your situation best.

Another option worth considering is learning multiple business models so you can choose the one that fits your skills and interests. The 2026 AI Business Blueprint teaches five different ways to make money with AI, including affiliate marketing that doesn't require paid ads, so you can test different approaches and find what works for you. It's $47 once, which is less than you'd spend on a single day of PPC testing, and it covers models that let you start earning without risking money on ads.

The bottom line is this: PPC affiliate marketing works, but it's expensive to learn and easy to lose money while you figure it out. For most beginners, I think building content-based affiliate assets makes more sense as a starting point. You can always add PPC later once you're profitable and have budget to test with.

Frequently Asked Questions

Can you do affiliate marketing with Google Ads?

Yes, you can do affiliate marketing with Google Ads, but you cannot link directly to affiliate offers in your ads. Google requires that you send traffic to your own landing page or website first, then link to the affiliate offer from there. You also cannot bid on trademarked terms that belong to the merchant you're promoting unless you have explicit permission.

How much can you make with PPC affiliate marketing?

Earnings from PPC affiliate marketing vary wildly depending on your niche, offers, and skill level. Beginners often lose money for the first few months while learning. Experienced media buyers can make anywhere from a few hundred dollars per month to six figures per month depending on their budget and campaign performance. Your profit depends entirely on whether your lifetime customer value exceeds your cost per acquisition.

Is PPC affiliate marketing still profitable in 2026?

Yes, PPC affiliate marketing is still profitable in 2026, but it's more competitive and expensive than it was in previous years. Privacy changes have made tracking harder, ad costs have increased across all platforms, and competition from experienced advertisers is fierce. You need larger budgets and more sophisticated tracking setups to succeed now compared to five years ago. That said, profitable campaigns are absolutely possible if you have the budget to test properly.

What is the best affiliate program for PPC?

The best affiliate programs for PPC are those with proven, high-converting sales pages and generous commission structures. ClickBank remains popular because it has thousands of digital products with commissions ranging from 50% to 75%. MaxBounty and other CPA networks work well because you can earn on leads rather than sales. Amazon Associates is generally not ideal for PPC because the commission rates are too low (1% to 4%) to cover your ad costs profitably.

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